Pacote #44740 Successo

TRACEROUTE_APP packet from CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE) to !568a0b15

9
Total Recepções
9
Gateways Únicos
3
Contagem de Hops
102
Conteúdo Bytes
Informação de Pacotes
Database ID: 44740
Mesh Packet ID: 0xbdcfb8c7
Utilizado para correlação entre gateways
Tempo: 2025-09-27 07:43:41 UTC
Do Node: CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)
Para o Node: !568a0b15 (0b15)
Successo: Processado
Protocolo: TRACEROUTE_APP
Port: 70
Gateway: Alverca-GT-8 (ALVG)
Canal: LongFast
RSSI: -91 dBm
SNR: -11.5 dBm
Info Hop: 3/4 hops
Início: 4, Limite: 1
Conteúdo dados
Protocol:o TRACEROUTE_APP
Tamanho: 102 bytes
Decoded: Sim
Dados:
Info. da Rota
Caminho da Rota: TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2) → No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242) → !433c2dd4
Quantidade de Hops: 2 hops
Estado: Forward incomplete, Return in progress
SNR para: -14.5 dB -2.75 dB -6.75 dB -14.75 dB
Caminho percorrido: Srmnww-8 (SRMN) → !2aab6ce8 → No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)
SNR de: -6.25 dB -17.75 dB -12.5 dB
Visualização da Rota

Carregando o mapa da rota...

O mapa mostra o caminho geográfico se os nós tiverem dados de localização partilhados.
Passos do Traceroute
Hop Do Node Para Node Distancia SNR (dB) Direção Análise
1 !568a0b15 TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2) Unknown -14.5 dB Origem Hops
2 TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2) No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242) 34.28 km -2.75 dB Reptido Hops
3 No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242) !433c2dd4 Unknown -6.75 dB Reptido Hops
4 !433c2dd4 CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE) Unknown -14.75 dB Reptido Hops
Traceroute incompleto - Não alcançou o destino final
Caminho de Retorno
Hop Do Node Para Node Distancia SNR (dB) Direção Análise
1 CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE) Srmnww-8 (SRMN) Unknown -6.25 dB Início do retorno: Hops
2 Srmnww-8 (SRMN) !2aab6ce8 Unknown -17.75 dB Repetição do retorno Hops
3 !2aab6ce8 No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242) Unknown -12.5 dB Fim do retorno: Hops
Total caminho percorrido
34.28 km
Combined Traceroute Graph
Controls: Drag nodes to rearrange • Mouse wheel to zoom • Click and drag background to pan • Hover for details

Building graph...

Legend & Paths
Nodes
🔄 Router Node
📡 Gateway Node
🚀 Source Node
🎯 Target Node
Connections
RF Link
Gateway Connection
Direct Reception (0 hops)
Packet Paths
Loading paths...
Raw Packet Analysis
Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis
Packet Structure
MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)
Total Size:102 bytes
Gateway:!16cfa144
Channel:LongFast
Payload Type:TRACEROUTE_APP
Hop Count:3 / 4
Privacy Summary
Exposure Level:
Direct Message
Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Acknowledgment requested
+ 2 more...
Exposure Risks:
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
+ 2 more...
MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

MQTT ServiceEnvelope contains the MeshPacket plus routing metadata

FieldValue
gateway_id !16cfa144
Node ID format
channel_id LongFast
Default public channel
packet MeshPacket (102 bytes)
Contains the actual mesh network packet
MeshPacket Fields

Core mesh packet with routing and payload information

FieldValueType
from 320858160
Source node ID 		uint32
to 1451887381
Target node ID 		uint32
decoded.portnum 70
TRACEROUTE_APP 		enum
decoded.payload_length 102 bytes size
hop_limit 1
Remaining hops allowed 		uint32
hop_start 4
Initial hop limit 		uint32
hops_taken 3
Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit 		derived
rx_rssi -91.0 dBm
Signal strength at gateway 		int32
rx_snr -11.50 dB
Signal quality at gateway 		float
rx_time 1758955417
Receive timestamp 		fixed32
via_mqtt False
Direct LoRa transmission 		bool
want_ack True
Acknowledgment requested 		bool
priority Not set enum
delayed Not set enum
channel Not set uint32
pki_encrypted False
Standard encryption 		bool
next_hop Not set uint32
relay_node Not set uint32
tx_after Not set uint32
timestamp 1758955421.5979502
Unix timestamp 		uint32
MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Direct Message
Privacy Features:
  • ✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
  • ✓ Acknowledgment requested
  • ✓ Targeted to specific node
  • ✓ Gateway node ID tracked
Exposure Risks:
  • ⚠ Default channel - no encryption
  • ⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
  • ⚠ Multi-hop path visible (3 hops)
  • ⚠ RF signal metrics exposed (location inference possible)
MQTT-Specific Fields
Want ack: True
Gateway ID: !16cfa144
Signal Metrics: RSSI: -91.0 dBm
SNR: -11.50 dB
Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:
Protocol:TRACEROUTE_APP
Size:102 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Complete Payload Data (JSON):
{ "route_nodes": [ 703629561, 144032485, 1128017364 ], "snr_towards": [ -14.5, -2.75, -6.75, -14.75 ], "route_back": [ 2665936768, 715877608, 144032485 ], "snr_back": [ -6.25, -17.75, -12.5 ], "route_node_names": { "2665936768": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "144032485": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "715877608": "!2aab6ce8", "320858160": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "1128017364": "!433c2dd4", "1451887381": "!568a0b15", "703629561": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)" }, "traceroute_packet": { "packet_data": { "id": 44740, "timestamp": 1758955421.5979502, "from_node_id": 320858160, "to_node_id": 1451887381, "portnum": 70, "portnum_name": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "gateway_id": "!16cfa144", "channel_id": "LongFast", "mesh_packet_id": 3184507079, "rssi": -91, "snr": -11.5, "hop_limit": 1, "hop_start": 4, "payload_length": 102, "processed_successfully": 1, "raw_payload": "0a0cf988f029e5c29508d42d3c431228c6ffffffffffffffff01f5ffffffffffffffff01e5ffffffffffffffff01c5ffffffffffffffff011a0c80f7e69ee86cab2ae5c29508221ee7ffffffffffffffff01b9ffffffffffffffff01ceffffffffffffffff01", "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "rx_time": 1758955417, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 0, "tx_after": 0, "timestamp_str": "2025-09-27 07:43:41", "hop_count": 3, "has_payload": true, "success": 1, "from_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "to_node_name": "!568a0b15", "gateway_name": "Alverca-GT-8 (ALVG)", "gateway_location": { "node_id": 382705988, "latitude": 38.9087232, "longitude": -9.0505216, "altitude": 60, "timestamp": 1761259767.271973, "timestamp_str": "2025-10-23 23:49:27", "display_name": "Alverca-GT-8", "long_name": "Alverca-GT-8", "short_name": "ALVG", "hw_model": "STATION_G2" } }, "resolve_names": true, "packet_id": 44740, "from_node_id": 320858160, "to_node_id": 1451887381, "timestamp": 1758955421.5979502, "gateway_id": "!16cfa144", "raw_payload": "0a0cf988f029e5c29508d42d3c431228c6ffffffffffffffff01f5ffffffffffffffff01e5ffffffffffffffff01c5ffffffffffffffff011a0c80f7e69ee86cab2ae5c29508221ee7ffffffffffffffff01b9ffffffffffffffff01ceffffffffffffffff01", "hop_limit": 1, "hop_start": 4, "from_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "to_node_name": "!568a0b15", "route_data": { "route_nodes": [ 703629561, 144032485, 1128017364 ], "snr_towards": [ -14.5, -2.75, -6.75, -14.75 ], "route_back": [ 2665936768, 715877608, 144032485 ], "snr_back": [ -6.25, -17.75, -12.5 ] }, "forward_path": { "path_type": "forward_with_return", "node_ids": [ 1451887381, 703629561, 144032485, 1128017364, 320858160 ], "node_names": [ "!568a0b15", "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "!433c2dd4", "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)" ], "snr_values": [ -14.5, -2.75, -6.75, -14.75 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1451887381, "to_node_id": 703629561, "from_node_name": "!568a0b15", "to_node_name": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "snr": -14.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 703629561, "to_node_id": 144032485, "from_node_name": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "to_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "snr": -2.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 34278.502610609336, "from_location_timestamp": 1759063154.2755358, "to_location_timestamp": 1759147766.005334, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.2d later", "to_location_age_warning": "from 2.2d later" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 144032485, "to_node_id": 1128017364, "from_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "to_node_name": "!433c2dd4", "snr": -6.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 1128017364, "to_node_id": 320858160, "from_node_name": "!433c2dd4", "to_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "snr": -14.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 4 }, "return_path": { "path_type": "return", "node_ids": [ 320858160, 2665936768, 715877608, 144032485 ], "node_names": [ "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "!2aab6ce8", "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)" ], "snr_values": [ -6.25, -17.75, -12.5 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 320858160, "to_node_id": 2665936768, "from_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "to_node_name": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "snr": -6.25, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 2665936768, "to_node_id": 715877608, "from_node_name": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "to_node_name": "!2aab6ce8", "snr": -17.75, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 715877608, "to_node_id": 144032485, "from_node_name": "!2aab6ce8", "to_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "snr": -12.5, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 3 }, "actual_rf_path": { "path_type": "combined_rf", "node_ids": [ 1451887381, 703629561, 144032485, 1128017364, 320858160, 2665936768, 715877608 ], "node_names": [ "!568a0b15", "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "!433c2dd4", "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "!2aab6ce8" ], "snr_values": [ -14.5, -2.75, -6.75, -14.75, -6.25, -17.75, -12.5 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1451887381, "to_node_id": 703629561, "from_node_name": "!568a0b15", "to_node_name": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "snr": -14.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 703629561, "to_node_id": 144032485, "from_node_name": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "to_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "snr": -2.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 34278.502610609336, "from_location_timestamp": 1759063154.2755358, "to_location_timestamp": 1759147766.005334, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.2d later", "to_location_age_warning": "from 2.2d later" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 144032485, "to_node_id": 1128017364, "from_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "to_node_name": "!433c2dd4", "snr": -6.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 1128017364, "to_node_id": 320858160, "from_node_name": "!433c2dd4", "to_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "snr": -14.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 320858160, "to_node_id": 2665936768, "from_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "to_node_name": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "snr": -6.25, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 2665936768, "to_node_id": 715877608, "from_node_name": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "to_node_name": "!2aab6ce8", "snr": -17.75, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 715877608, "to_node_id": 144032485, "from_node_name": "!2aab6ce8", "to_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "snr": -12.5, "direction": "return_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 7 } }, "has_return_path": true, "is_complete": false, "forward_path_display": "!568a0b15 → TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2) → No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242) → !433c2dd4 → CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "return_path_display": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE) → Srmnww-8 (SRMN) → !2aab6ce8 → No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "actual_rf_path_display": "!568a0b15 → TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2) → No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242) → !433c2dd4 → CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE) → Srmnww-8 (SRMN) → !2aab6ce8", "forward_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1451887381, "to_node_id": 703629561, "from_node_name": "!568a0b15", "to_node_name": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "snr": -14.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 703629561, "to_node_id": 144032485, "from_node_name": "TQB02-LVHC-GT-8 (TQB2)", "to_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "snr": -2.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 34278.502610609336, "from_location_timestamp": 1759063154.2755358, "to_location_timestamp": 1759147766.005334, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.2d later", "to_location_age_warning": "from 2.2d later" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 144032485, "to_node_id": 1128017364, "from_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "to_node_name": "!433c2dd4", "snr": -6.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 1128017364, "to_node_id": 320858160, "from_node_name": "!433c2dd4", "to_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "snr": -14.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "return_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 320858160, "to_node_id": 2665936768, "from_node_name": "CT5IKE-CL-868🇵🇹 (5IKE)", "to_node_name": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "snr": -6.25, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 2665936768, "to_node_id": 715877608, "from_node_name": "Srmnww-8 (SRMN)", "to_node_name": "!2aab6ce8", "snr": -17.75, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 715877608, "to_node_id": 144032485, "from_node_name": "!2aab6ce8", "to_node_name": "No Answer/R242-8🇵🇹 (R242)", "snr": -12.5, "direction": "return", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "total_forward_distance": 34278.502610609336, "total_return_distance": 0 }
Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)
{ "service_envelope": { "gateway_id": "!16cfa144", "channel_id": "LongFast", "packet": "MeshPacket (see mesh_packet below)" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 320858160, "to": 1451887381, "id": 3184507079, "rx_time": 1758955417, "rx_snr": -11.5, "rx_rssi": -91, "hop_limit": 1, "hop_start": 4, "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 0, "tx_after": 0, "decoded": { "portnum": 70, "payload": "0a0cf988f029e5c29508d42d3c431228c6ffffffffffffffff01f5ffffffffffffffff01e5ffffffffffffffff01c5ffffffffffffffff011a0c80f7e69ee86cab2ae5c29508221ee7ffffffffffffffff01b9ffffffffffffffff01ceffffffffffffffff01", "want_response": null, "dest": null, "source": null, "request_id": null, "reply_id": null, "emoji": null, "parsed_payload": { "route": [ 703629561, 144032485, 1128017364 ], "snr_towards": [ -58, -11, -27, -59 ], "route_back": [ 2665936768, 715877608, 144032485 ], "snr_back": [ -25, -71, -50 ], "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "message_class": "RouteDiscovery" } } } }
Raw Packet Data (102 bytes)
0a0cf988f029e5c29508d42d3c431228c6ffffffffffffffff01f5ffffffffffffffff01e5ffffffffffffffff01c5ffffffffffffffff011a0c80f7e69ee86cab2ae5c29508221ee7ffffffffffffffff01b9ffffffffffffffff01ceffffffffffffffff01
Hex Analysis:
Size:102 bytes
Format:Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:Binary with varint and length-delimited fields
This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.
All Receptions
All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID
Reception Locations

Loading reception map...

Map shows gateway locations that received this packet. Hop counts are displayed if available.
Gateway Time Offset RSSI SNR Hops Channel Timestamp Actions
Alverca-GT-8 (ALVG) Primary 0.000s
Reference 		-91.0 dBm -11.50 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:41 Current
NPatroni-GW-8 (aba4) -1.495s
Before 		-120.0 dBm -19.00 dB 2 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:40 View
Meshtastic beb0 (beb0) +0.005s
After 		-105.0 dBm -4.50 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:41 View
CT1FHW1🇵🇹-GW-8 (FHW1) +0.009s
After 		-106.0 dBm -4.00 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:41 View
GR-H1-GW-8 (GRH1) +0.015s
After 		-116.0 dBm -9.75 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:41 View
Estefania-GW-8 (ESTF) +0.294s
After 		-114.0 dBm -7.75 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:41 View
ElJoelReis-868 (JOEL) +0.527s
After 		-107.0 dBm -17.75 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:42 View
CT1ERW-CL-8 (ERW) +0.786s
After 		-128.0 dBm -17.75 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 07:43:42 View
Cbranco1-GW-8 (cbr1) +18221.390s
After 		-105.0 dBm -15.25 dB 3 LongFast 2025-09-27 12:47:22 View
9

Total Receptions

9

Unique Gateways